發布時間：2022-05-29 22:36:56
序言：寫作是分享個人見解和探索未知領域的橋梁，我們為您精選了8篇的英語本科論文樣本，期待這些樣本能夠為您提供豐富的參考和啟發，請盡情閱讀。
2.新設商務英語本科專業的幾個問題探討——強調“英語本色”還是“商務特色”
3.商務英語本科專業實踐教學體系的建構——以西華師范大學商務英語專業為例
4.新興商務英語本科專業課程體系及教學模式構建探索
5.基于財經類院校商務英語本科專業課程體系與實現人才培養目標的教學模式構建研究
6.商務英語專業本科教學質量國家標準要點解讀
7.商務英語本科專業教學大綱的實施與評價
8.商務英語本科專業教學中跨文化交際能力的培養探究
9.區域經濟視野下商務英語本科人才培養研究——以賀州學院為例
10.基于語料庫的商務英語本科學位論文“N+that”同位語結構中外殼名詞研究
11.應用型商務英語本科人才培養理念下的“生態化”商務單證教學淺析
12.高校商務英語本科專業實踐教學體系構建的邏輯基礎
13.解讀《高等學校商務英語專業本科教學要求》
14.需求分析視角下民辦高校開設商務英語本科專業的探究
15.商務英語本科專業人才培養個案研究——以滁州學院商務英語本科專業為例
16.基于需求分析的商務英語本科課程設置探索研究
17.財經類院校商務英語本科學生專業能力評價模式研究
18.ESP需求分析理論指導下的商務英語本科專業實踐教學探究
19.面向地方經濟的商務英語本科專業建設——以九江學院為例
20.河北省本科院校商務英語專業教育的發展現狀及對策
21.商務英語本科基礎階段案例教學的多模態設計
22.商務英語本科專業培養方案修訂調研——以集美大學外國語學院為例
23.地方性高校商務英語專業復合型本科人才培養模式:問題與對策——以廣西財經學院英語(商務方向)專業為例
24.商務英語本科專業的幾個問題探討——強調“英語本色”還是“商務特色”
25.商務英語本科專業若干方向的商務內涵建設構想
26.高校商務英語本科專業實踐教學體系構建的邏輯探究
27.新建地方本科院校商務英語課程設置現狀分析與策略研究
28.高等學校商務英語本科專業的定位
29.新疆商務英語本科大學新生英語語音能力現狀研究
30.商務英語專業復合型本科人才培養的探討
31.商務英語本科專業人才培養模式的創新發展
32.商務英語本科人才培養方案學分分配探討
33.遠程開放英語本科商務英語方向專業課程教學探索
34.應用型本科院校商務英語口語教學探究
35.廣立學院商務英語專業本科的改革及對策
36.應用型本科商務英語專業的定位與課程設置
37.應用型本科商務英語專業口語課程教學改革研究
38.對大學本科商務英語課程的比較研究
39.“互聯網+教育”在應用型本科院校商務英語人才培養中的適用性分析
40.基于需求分析的本科院校商務英語課程設置問卷研究
41.商務英語本科專業復合應用型創新人才的培養
42.本科商務英語專業應用型人才培養探析——對遼寧對外經貿學院商務英語人才培養的幾點思考
43.應用型本科院校商務英語專業教學改革探索
44.商科院校商務英語本科專業師資建設研究——基于《高等學校商務英語專業本科教學要求》
45.應用型本科商務英語教學改革路在何方?
46.應用翻譯研究對本科商務英語翻譯教學的啟示
47.應用型本科商務英語專業實踐教學體系優化研究
48.商務英語本科專業課程體系構建的區域化分析
49.對應用型本科商務英語專業教學模式探索
50.應用型本科院校商務英語口譯教學中的問題與對策——以黃河科技學院為例
51.地方性本科院校商務英語專業實踐教學體系的建構——以賀州學院商務英語專業為例
52.地方本科院校職業教育轉型中商務英語教師專業現狀及發展策略
53.商務英語專業本科辦學面臨的問題及對策
54.從“現供”到“定制”:商務英語人才培養模式分析——以地方理工一般性本科院校為例
55.應用型本科院校商務英語專業雙語教學探究
56.新建應用型本科院校“雙師型”教師隊伍分層建設探討——以商務英語專業為例
57.應用型本科高校商務英語專業課程項目化教學的實踐與探索——以《商務口譯》課程為例
58.語言經濟學視角下應用型本科院校商務英語人才培養
59.本科高校“雙師型”商務英語師資的梯隊建設研究
60.英國大學本科教育對國內商務英語專業教育的啟示
61.商務英語專業人才培養目標與企業人才需求的對比研究——以廣西新建本科高校為例
62.新建本科院校商務英語專業人才培養模式的區域化行業化創新研究——以廣東白云學院為例
63.地方新建本科院校商務英語專業課程設置需求分析研究
64.談新建本科院校商務英語師資隊伍建設
65.應用型本科院校商務英語專業教學模式和教學方法改革研究
66.應用型本科院校商務英語專業實踐教學體系的構建研究
67.對本科層次商務英語教學的思考
68.商務英語本科專業人才培養模式的研究與實踐
69.應用型本科院校“雙師型”商務英語教師隊伍建設
70.ESP需求理論視角下地方本科院校商務英語專業“雙師型”教師培養問題研究
71.應用型本科高校商務英語口譯課程開發——基于企業研修的實踐調查
72.CBI教學法融入本科商務英語教學研究
73.普通應用型本科院校開設商務英語專業中存在的問題與對策研究——以商洛學院為例
74.克拉申二語習得理論應用型本科商務英語實踐教學活動的研究
75.大數據背景下新建地方本科院校商務英語人才培養路徑分析
76.《高等學校商務英語專業本科教學質量國家標準》的地方性解讀:國標與校標的對照
77.商務英語技術本科教育研究的新視角
78.基于市場需求的商務英語本科課程體系的研究
79.獨立本科院校商務英語課程形成性評價對學生自主學習能力培養的研究
80.西安郵電大學本科商務英語專業人才培養的幾點思考
81.后現代教育觀對應用型民辦本科院校商務英語專業的啟示和構想
82.從語言的經濟屬性探索本科商務英語教學模式
83.基于需求分析的獨立學院商務英語專業本科人才培養模式探索
84.全國高校商務英語專業四、八級測試體系構建
85.本科商務英語專業以何為“專”——兼論“商專”的體系差別性定位與比較優勢特色
86.應用型本科商務英語教學改革之思考
87.強化研究性學習意識,提高研究性學習能力——對英語專業開放本科(商務方向)畢業論文(設計)的案例分析
88.商務英語專業復合應用型人才培養模式初探——對本科商務英語專業教育改革的思考
89.應用型本科商務英語人才培養的幾點思考
90.《高等學校商務英語專業本科教學質量國家標準》解讀
91.從英語公共演講課程設置到培養實用型人才——以應用型本科院校商務英語專業為例
92.《商務英語專業本科教學質量國家標準》指導下的二本院校商務英語專業課程設置
93.本科院校商務英語專業校企合作路徑探析——以廣西師范大學外國語學院與愛索公司為例
94.應用型本科英語專業“國際商務函電”課程教學探索
95.論應用型本科商務英語專業職業化教學模式之建構
96.本科院校商務英語專業建設研究
97.基于關聯內容的沉浸式教學:本科商務英語專業的人才培養模式分析
98.普通本科與高職商務英語教育目標及課程體系構建的哲學視角
99.構建有電大特色的開放教育英語本科(商務方向)集中實踐環節全面質量管理體系
100.基于CLIL的地方高校商務英語學科課程設置研究
101.互聯網+外貿背景下地方性應用型本科高校商務英語專業實踐教學存在的問題與對策
102.地方本科院校商務英語專業實踐教學體系構建研究
103.論新建地方本科院校商務英語專業人才培養方案的構建
104.本科院校商務英語專業建設探析——以重慶第二師范學院為例
105.落后地方本科院校英語專業設置商務英語課程的探討
106.地方本科院校商務英語“雙師型”教師創新創業教育教學能力培養研究——以百色學院為例
107.基于需求分析的本科商務英語專業課程設置
108.蓬勃發展之后的理性思考和建議——再論我國高校商務英語學科未來的發展前景
109.應用型本科商務英語翻譯實踐教學體系的構建
110.《商務英語》課程定位的再討論——基于本科經管類專業教學實踐
111.地方應用型本科院校商務英語專業人才市場需求調查與學習策略分析
112.商務英語專業本科畢業論文選題調查研究——以西安外國語大學經濟金融學院為例
113.目的論關照下的應用型本科院校商務英語翻譯教學的探討
114.應用型本科商務英語專業深化創新創業教育的教改探索
115.具有地方特色的應用型本科院校英語專業課程設置的思考與研究——以商務英語專業為例
116.應用型本科院校視聽說模式下商務英語口語教學改革探究
117.應用型本科高校商務英語實訓教學的探索與思考
118.大學本科商務英語課堂教學方法改革初探
119.語用學視角下應用型本科院校大學生商務英語翻譯教學研究
120.ESP理論對應用型本科商務英語教學的影響
121.應用型本科院校商務英語實踐基地建設和師資培養研究
122.關于獨立學院商務英語方向本科課程設置的幾點思考
123.商務英語專業本科翻譯教學中形成性評價體系探究
124.地方本科院校商務英語專業改革探索與實踐
125.應用型本科院校商務英語實踐教學體系的構建
126.廣西新建本科院校商務英語專業“三位一體”人才培養模式的構建
127.應用型本科商務英語課程設置探析——以韶關學院為例
128.對地方應用型本科院校商務英語專業教材建設的思考
關鍵詞: 英語專業 本科畢業論文 網絡寫作策略
英語專業本科畢業論文寫作有著重要的意義,《高等學校英語專業英語教學大綱》認為它是考查學生語言能力、獨立能力和創新能力的重要參考,“評估學業成績的一個重要方式”。[1]近年來,雖然有了更多關于英語專業畢業論文寫作的研究,內容既涉及微觀的選題、摘要、主題句、語言和格式問題,又涉及宏觀的現狀分析、論文指導體系和評估機制問題。[2][3][4][5][6]然而,卻鮮有學者論及網絡資源的利用。這不僅與我國高校豐富的中英文電子圖書資源和全球幾千億之巨的中英文網頁資源明顯不協調,[7][8]而且與很多本科學生的實際上網情況和畢業論文對網絡資源的嚴重濫用很不協調。因此,如何在畢業論文寫作過程中預防網絡抄襲、合理有效地利用日益發達的網絡環境和日益豐富的網絡資源,是適應信息時展、進一步提高英語專業本科畢業論文質量的急迫需要解決的問題。本文擬探討如何利用豐富的中英文網絡資源,發揮個人網絡信息能力,實現畢業論文寫作的網絡策略,在方便教師論文指導和管理的同時,也方便學生更靈活地運用自己的時間和空間,減少論文寫作的工作量,降低論文寫作的難度,進而有效地提高畢業論文寫作的效率和質量。
一、絡寫作策略的基本原則
結合學生的經濟、社會和文化背景,網絡寫作策略應該遵循以下原則:(1)資金節約原則。盡量免除不必要的經濟壓力,充分利用現有的個人電腦、聯網手機或者公共電腦的軟硬件設施,同時發揮個人的網絡和現實人際關系,有效獲取所需資源。(2)時間和空間靈活利用原則。網絡寫作的主要目的之一就是實現隨時隨地上網就可以寫作的構想。(3)語言文化的敏感原則。首先,由于大多數電腦或者手機設備的系統都使用中文軟件,因此為了在搜索英文信息時不受中文信息的干擾,需要把網頁瀏覽器的語言環境進行調整,并且把國外搜索引擎的偏好和指令語言都改為英語。其次,英語論文與中文論文有較大的區別,在寫作過程中要盡量避免漢語語言文化的負遷移。(4)遵守國家的互聯網相關法律法規。
同時,雖然畢業論文的長度、語言、結構、格式和內容都是對本科學生嚴肅的挑戰,但英美國家長期的學術傳統和相應網絡資源的豐富已經能夠在較大程度上解決很多問題。所以在寫作過程中學生要對自己的信息需求保持敏感,遵守信息素質原則,在實際行動中貫徹信息獲取、評價、整理和合理利用的基本步驟,挖掘并發揮網絡資源優勢,自主解決論文寫作中的諸多問題。
二、畢業論文的網絡寫作策略
根據網絡、網絡資源和畢業論文寫作過程的特征,網絡寫作策略的成分包括:硬件環境、軟件環境、網絡和畢業論文的相關知識、信息處理、寫作模板和樣本、語言工具、通訊工具、論文修改工具和反抄襲檢查。
網絡寫作的硬件環境由能夠進行上網服務的手機和電腦構成。公共網吧和學校的計算機實驗中心不存在這方面的問題。但是,如果辦理個人手機或者電腦上網業務,就要認真閱讀產品說明書,確認自己的手機或者電腦具備所需要的無線或者有線硬件配置;而且,無線服務的覆蓋范圍要能夠滿足自己的個人需要。總的來說,近幾年的手提電腦和2009年上市的手機終端通常都支持高速無線上網服務。
網絡寫作的軟件環境包括瀏覽器軟件、文檔閱讀和編輯軟件、文檔轉換軟件,以及文檔存儲服務幾個方面。很多電腦上網瀏覽軟件(如Internet Explorer,Google Chrome)都有相應的手機版瀏覽軟件,但更常用的手機瀏覽器卻是Opera,UCWEB和GO。在通過設置正確的上網方式后,手機和電腦就能利用瀏覽器使用大多數共同資源了。網絡上有較多優秀的在線free word processors,不需要在電腦或者手機上安裝。使用方便而功能又幾乎能與Microsoft Word媲美的當屬Google Documents。用戶通過聯網手機或者電腦在獲得免費Gmail賬戶后即可進入自己的文檔空間,創建文件并進行編輯和儲存,安全性能較高。其它所涉及的軟件主要依據資料的文檔類型而定,但通常是.doc,.ppt,.xls文件,這些都能上傳到Google Docs打開或編輯;對于.caj,.kdh,.pdf,.省略、搜搜問問)、電子商務(如淘寶網店)、電子圖書館、個人社會關系獲取或者傳遞所需的電子資源。把握所需信息必須了解的程度,適可而止,同時也要明確不同信息的所需類型(網絡工具書、普通網絡文本、網絡圖書、電子學術期刊、圖片資料、視頻資料、音頻資料、軟件、數據庫等),以便于利用搜索引擎的不同功能或者專門搜索引擎進行比較準確的查找,或者便于確定在廣域網還是學校電子圖書館查找。信息的評價是指通過閱讀所獲信息、比較同類資源、查詢作者背景、查看網站域名和信息組織方式等,篩選獲得的信息。通常,如果信息者沒有學術或者高校工作背景,可以查看網站是否屬于.edu,.gov.省略網域來作出初步評估。信息的整理是指通過summarizing,synthesizing,paraphrasing,quoting,highlighting和commenting等方式進行處理,利用眾多的免費在線軟件服務,對過濾后的信息作用進行評價和標識,并通過超鏈接等方式把它們整合到自己的寫作計劃中。信息的使用是指合理合法地使用資源,尊重信息者的使用協議,遵循APA,MLA或者CMS等文獻使用的學術道德規范。
絡寫作過程中還有一些標準模板和自動程序可以使用;常用的有論文寫作模板和文獻引用的自動生成程序。很多美國大學和研究機構都有MLA,APA或者CMS格式的論文寫作模板(template)可以下載,寫作者只需要在相應版塊寫入相應內容即可。但選用的時候要注意模板所對應的論文格式印刷版本,以避免信息陳舊問題。而論文文獻格式的自動生成程序(bibliography generator)則可以幫助解決復雜的引用規范問題。使得文內引用(in-text citation)、腳注和尾注(footnote and endnote),以及文后的書目制作輕而易舉就能完成。在眾多的相關程序中,綜合性和信度都比較高的是Son of Citation Machine;它包括了主要文獻格式和主要文獻類型的引用格式,也及時更新了文獻格式的版本,是網絡寫作的可靠資源之一。
論文寫作過程中的信息溝通主要是和指導老師的充分交流,和同學的必要交流,以及和虛擬社區相關人士的有限交流。與指導老師交流的目的是為了提高論文整體質量和按時完成畢業論文,可以通過手機或者電腦的電子郵件或者實時通訊軟件(communication software)實現;和同學交流主要是為了獲取或者交流信息,也可以通過手機或者電腦的電子郵件或者實時通訊軟件實現;和虛擬社區相關人士的交流主要是為了在保證信息安全的情況下獲取所需信息,主要通過社區群組(groups,communities,forums)和電子郵件來實現。
利用網絡寫作本科畢業論文可以比較有效地防止網絡抄襲行為,包括表層網絡抄襲、深層網絡抄襲和網絡兜售的論文。表層網絡抄襲是指抄襲不需要提交用戶信息就可以檢索到的網頁資源,付費的數據庫和網絡資源不在此列。除了把學生論文的可疑部分或者關鍵部分的關鍵詞放到通用搜索引擎中搜索以外,還可以使用在線的文獻抄襲檢測系統(plagiarism checker/detector/scanner)發現這種行為,譬如EVE2和Viper Anti-plagiarism Scanner。深層網絡抄襲主要是指抄襲數據庫資源。檢測這種行為可以分為兩種策略:一是關鍵詞搜索:先把論文的可疑部分或者關鍵部分通過國內外數據庫專用搜索引擎進行檢索;在檢測到抄襲行為的情況下,如果可能,還可以把相應的論文下載到本地計算機,通過文件對比軟件(file comparison software)確定抄襲的比率(如弗吉尼亞大學的免費軟件WCopyfind);二是購買以數據庫為主的反抄襲服務,如CheckForPlagiarism和CNKI英文檢測系統。由于學生提交的稿件都是電子文檔,指導老師可以較早地把學生的論文上傳到在線檢測系統,及時阻止網絡抄襲行為。隨著高等教育的發展,國內的論文作坊也不計其數,英語專業本科論文價格也依據性質的不同而價格各異。通常,他們數據庫中的論文價格在300元人民幣左右,而“原創性”的論文則需要1000元以上。在一般情況下,通過在本地計算機或者手機上查看文檔屬性或者高級屬性就可以發現問題。如果結合論文寫作過程管理(包括對選題、提綱、原始資料及論文稿件版本的審查),論文作弊的成本就會大大增加。通過查看電子文檔屬性、對比不同的電子文檔版本、跟蹤學生的論文修改情況,只是簡單地點幾個鍵,買方和賣方就會面臨很大的信用風險。這些措施可以在相當程度上規避不誠實行為。
三、結語
手機或者電腦網絡積聚了豐富的信息資源、提供了發達的通訊功能;英語專業本科畢業論文的網絡寫作已經具備了比較成熟的條件。論文過程所涉及的選題、提綱撰寫、資料收集、稿件寫作、問題咨詢、指導和管理等環節都可以通過網絡軟硬件資源來完成。相對于傳統的論文寫作方法,網絡寫作策略具有諸多的獨特作用。它首先賦予了論文寫作更靈活的時間和地點,比較適合當前教學和科研任務繁重的英語教師及四處奔波的大四學生。其次,網絡寫作策略延伸了論文指導老師的內涵,網絡上千千萬萬的信息提供者都或多或少充當了這個角色,大大減輕了師生雙方的壓力。再次,老師可以從以往語言或者格式等繁瑣問題中抽身出來,更多地從寫作過程的簡便性、結構的合理性、內容的思想性等方面給學生提供建議,幫助學生自主解決畢業論文寫作中的諸多問題。最后,網絡寫作策略還能夠有效利用網絡資源阻止泛濫的學術不端行為,培養學術誠信。
但在網絡寫作策略實施過程中,我們可能遇到的兩個常見問題是:(1)由于資金等因素影響,有的優秀網絡資源可能不穩定,間歇或者長期不可獲取;(2)由于信息太多或者太少而茫然不知所措。對于前者,需要保持比較靈活的資源使用態度,善于尋找替代資源。而資源太多時則要增加限制條件,利用高級搜索功能縮小范圍;在資源缺乏時則要減少限制條件或者更改搜索關鍵詞,尋找另外的解決辦法。總之,日益豐富的信息存在于不可見的網絡上,只要能合理有效地利用網絡資源,就可以把畢業論文的網絡寫作策略發揮好,從而有效提高畢業論文寫作的效率和質量。
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［關鍵詞］開放教育本科 畢業論文 指導 策略
［中圖分類號］G642.4 ［文獻標識碼］A ［文章編號］1009－5349（2012）02－0195－02
引言
根據開放教育本科英語（教育方向）教學計劃的規定，學員在基本修完本專業規定的必修課和選修課后，進入以撰寫畢業論文為主的集中實踐環節。教學實踐設計環節即畢業論文設計是開放教育本科英語專業教育方向的一個極為重要的環節。在本文中，筆者基于近五年的畢業論文指導實踐基礎，闡述了開放教育英語本科畢業論文的特點，分析了畢業論文寫作中存在的問題和不足之處，并在此基礎上提出了相應的對策與建議。
一、開放教育本科英語專業畢業論文的特點
開放教育本科英語教育專業學員所寫的畢業論文除了學術性（scholarly）、創新性（original）、規范性（formal）這幾個畢業論文的基本特征外，還應體現英語教育的職業性（professional）和過程性。
（一）畢業論文的設計應體現理論聯系教育實踐原則
所謂“學有所用”，學員畢業論文的選題要結合自己的課堂教學實踐，真正解決本人在教學實踐中遇到的客觀存在的問題。畢業論文指導教師應就“教學行為研究”的基本要求和原則面向全體學員以講座或課程的形式進行指導。整篇畢業論文至少要體現有四次教學研究記錄或教學日記；要有一次課堂教學的錄像或錄音；要有原始調查問卷，或座談的錄音等，以保證教育教學這一職業性的凸顯。
（二）畢業論文的設計應該體現過程性原則
整個畢業論文設計必須經過問題分析、方案設計、項目實施、項目評估和項目報告幾個階段。學員的研究必須針對其課堂中確確實實反映出的問題，方案的設計必須符合要求，實施階段必須嚴格監控，保證有一個月的實施時間，指導教師對學生的研究要如實評估，項目報告，亦即論文必須符合論文的寫作規范，要體現指導過程。整個設計環節由5個環節組成：
1.項目啟動：指導教師可采用集體或分散等指導方式，介紹研究原則和研究方法，布置研究任務；
2.問題分析和方案設計：學員分析自己課堂教學中反映出的問題，設計問題解決方案；
3.項目實施：學員通過課堂教學具體實施方案；
4.項目評估：學員運用評估手段和方法，對項目的事實情況及結果進行評估；
5.項目報告：學員根據論文寫作規范，用英文寫出正文4000詞左右的項目報告，同時提供項目實施過程中的所有原始材料。
在整個論文的寫作過程中，項目啟動是整個論文寫作的理論基礎；問題分析和方案設計確定論文研究方向；項目實施是論文實用價值體現的關鍵環節；項目評估是對論文學術價值的提煉；項目報告是對整個寫作痕跡的保留。這五個環節環環相扣，缺一不可，相輔相成，層層遞進。
二、撰寫開放教育本科英語專業畢業論文存在的問題及其對策
畢業論文寫作對于開放教育本科英語專業的學員來說非常具有挑戰性，因為除了完成一般畢業論文所要完成的各個環節以外，英語專業的學生還需用英文進行畢業論文的寫作。要想順利完成英語專業畢業論文設計,學員要從論文的選題、時間安排及寫作心態三方面同步著手。
（一）選題問題
開放教育學員本身寫作水平不高（大多學員學歷為中專），面對論文選題往往要么望而卻步，要么求大求空，無法駕馭論文寫作。要解決畢業論文選題難這個問題，在具體的畢業論文指導實踐中，指導教師則需著力推進“兩個兼容”原則。該原則有利于學員對自己的教學實踐進行反思，并學以致用。
1.原則之一：教學實踐和學術研究兼容。由于開放教育本科英語專業的學員大多數是中小學一線教師，有著相當豐富的教學經驗，駕馭本專業與自己工作實踐聯系緊密的論文選題會相對來說容易得多。其次，學員對自己多年來的教學實踐進行反思和思考，整理和提煉教學心得，再用于指導自己的教學實踐，這樣的論文很有實踐性和指導性。最后要注意在強調聯系教育實踐的同時，也不能輕視了畢業論文的規范性，學員通過英文寫作鍛煉了英文寫作技巧，同時也對論文寫作的規范要求進行了寫作實踐。
2.原則之二：個人特長和實際情況兼容。學員進行畢業論文的選題時還要考慮自己的特長、綜合知識水平、學術科研能力和客觀條件。學員最好選擇自身擅長并且有一定興趣的題目。擅長能表現出學員對該論題有較深的認識思考及一定的實踐經驗，能降低寫作難度，更充分地發揮個人的主觀能動性，從而做到素材充實，個人見解深刻，針對性強。指導老師可幫助學生對歷年的論文題目進行歸類，然后就每一類給出具體實例，讓學員親身體驗，和學員共同探討，尋找自己感興趣、熟悉或是能駕馭的題目。歷年論文題目基本可劃分為教學實踐經驗總結、學生心理研究、學科思想、學生非智力因素等方面。
（二）時間問題
由于開放教育本科英語專業學員大多為成人或在職中小學英語教師，工作負擔沉重，家庭生活壓力大，在完成工作任務和照顧好家庭之余用于論文寫作的時間就非常有限，因此時間的合理安排和使用是畢業論文按期按質完成的重要保障。畢業論文的時間安排表如下：
從上表可以看出，在教學計劃中留出用于畢業論文寫作的時間本身就非常有限，且由于是安排在最后一個學期，面臨畢業，論文已無延期上交的可能性，因學員自身不夠重視或工作忙等原因最后只能選擇放棄論文答辯的現象屢見不鮮。為改變這一無論是學員還是指導教師都不愿意看到的局面，筆者建議首先學員應當重視畢業論文的寫作，畢竟三年所學，畢于所寫。學員應當處理好學業與工作的關系，充分、高效地使用業余時間進行論文方案的實施及撰寫，對寫作過程中的困難要有充分的思想準備，耐得住寂寞，忍得下艱苦。其次，作為指導教師則應確實把握好論文寫作的每個環節，運用E-Mail、手機等現代化聯系方式，或告知學生可進行雙向語音或視頻聯絡的網址（例如雅虎通、QQ、MSN等）充分與學員進行有效溝通，指導到位，引導學員逐段完成論文，漸入佳境。按時間安排逐項完成各項寫作任務還有賴于指導教師對學員的階段性檢查，定期檢查學生的工作進度和質量。
（三）心態問題
學員積極的寫作心態，是畢業論文順利完成的重要保障。積極心態的創立離不開指導教師的培養和學員自身養成。
1.指導教師要為學員設置成功目標。在長達半年的畢業論文寫作過程中，指導教師在學員因為這樣或那樣的困難導致論文寫不下去時,應不厭其煩地進行鼓勵。為了使畢業論文順利完成這一遠景目標變得不那么遙不可及，指導教師可以對遠景目標進行分解，放在每一個寫作階段，逐一完成，使得遠景目標的實現具備較強的可操作性。
2.學員對自己的論文寫作應持積極心態。積極心態是一種對任何人、任何情況或任何環境所把持的正確、誠懇而且有建設性，同時也不違背法律、道德和人類權利的思想、行為或反映。積極心態有利于畢業論文的順利完成。下圖是柳州市廣播電視大學2005-2011年部分畢業生畢業論文心理狀況調查表，可以反映出由于持不同心態的畢業生參加畢業論文寫作會產生的不同結果。
柳州市廣播電視大學2005-2011年部分畢業生畢業論文心理狀況調查表
上表顯示的狀況是不能令人放心的，這樣的心態必然會引發教學、管理等方面的一系列問題。混學、浮學現象嚴重，缺勤、論文抄襲、拼湊等現象屢禁不絕。這些與上述消極心態有直接的關系。在艱辛的畢業論文創作過程中，學員應抱積極心態，把自己遇到的種種失敗看成人生經歷的寶貴財富。不論怎樣，堅持下來，就是最大的勝利。在近五年的指導畢業論文的實踐中，筆者發現具有積極心態的學員寫作目標明確，動機強，遇到寫作困難時善于動腦筋、想辦法，寫作進展速度快。而具有消極心態的學員在進行畢業論文的創作時，往往遇難而退；面對種種寫作困難采取逃避或是蒙混過關的辦法，其結果往往是論文不能按時上交，延期畢業。
三、結束語
綜上所述，堅持“兩個兼容”原則指導學員選題，合理安排論文撰寫時間，幫助學生建立積極的撰寫心態，能較好地體現電大開放教育培養“實用性、應用性”人才的辦學宗旨，可以在一定程度上消除當前畢業論文寫作的尷尬狀況。畢業論文是一個極其艱辛的實施過程，只要學員合理安排好論文寫作時間，保持積極的寫作心態就能順利完成畢業論文的寫作，參加論文答辯，達到個人的學術研究高峰。
【參考文獻】
[1]黃芬香.開放教育文科類畢業論文評價模式的構建[J].中國遠程教育,2006(4):34-38.
[2]施小平.試論高校畢業論文(設計)的全面質量管理[J].高教探索,2006(4):62-64.
[3]曹文榮.遠程教育畢業論文指導方法研究――基于上海電大畢業論文指導的實踐[J].研究與交流,2007(5):11-13.
[4]王正東.流程型開放教育畢業論文(設計)追蹤管理模式[J].廣播電視大學學報:哲學社會科學版,2006,(3):125-127.宋立平.畢業論文寫作指導[M].保定:河北大學出版社,2003.12.
[5]杜祥培,尹躍妮,歐陽中萬.提高本科畢業論文(設計)質量的探討[J].當代教育論壇,2003(9):75-77.
[6]司景萍,高志鷹.提高畢業設計質量的措施探討[J].高等教育研究,2010(3):43-46.
[7]顧冀梅.關于英語專業本科畢業論文課程改革的思考[J].教育與職業,2009(12):164-165.
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[9]姜昕.高校遠程教育畢業論文質量探索[J].中國科教創新導刊,2008,(29):169.
【關鍵詞】過程管理 實施細則 審核 責任預警
【中圖分類號】G647 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】1674-4810（2013）05-0113-01
本科畢業論文是高等院校教學計劃的重要組成部分之一，是實現高等院校專業培養目標和要求的重要環節。2000年頒布并在全國高等院校實施的《高等學校英語專業教學大綱》（以下簡稱《大綱》）中指出：“畢業論文是考查學生綜合能力、評估學業成績的一個重要方式。”對學生而言，畢業論文是檢驗其運用專業知識能力、分析問題能力和學術能力的標準之一。而對學校，畢業論文的質量是衡量高等院校教學質量的重要指標之一，也是檢驗學校行政能力的良好手段。因此，無論是學生、老師還是高等院校的行政管理部門都需對畢業論文工作給予高度重視。
一 制定適合本專業特點的畢業論文實施細則，全局宏觀把控畢業論文寫作
在《大綱》中，明確了“畢業論文一般應用英語撰寫，長度為3000～5000個單詞，要求文字通順、思路清晰、內容充實、有一定的獨立見解。”這一要求僅僅只明確了英語專業本科畢業論文的字數、撰寫語言和綱領性要求。而畢業論文究竟應該怎么寫、寫什么，學生還需要更為具體的細則來作為準繩。對本科畢業論文寫作而言，每個學校的畢業論文實施細則就是學生進行畢業論文寫作時的詳細指南。畢業論文實施細則一般要求各專業根據自身實際情況，列明論文進度安排、選題范圍和要求、撰寫語言、最低參考文獻數量等部分。一旦細則出臺并能嚴格執行，學生可從中了解本科畢業論文撰寫的詳細步驟和要求，學校也能從宏觀上根據細則把控畢業論文寫作的進度和質量。
以進度安排為例，畢業論文作為學術論文的一種，是對某個科學領域中的學術問題進行研究后表述科學研究成果的理論文章。由于本科生的研究深度欠缺，因此本科畢業論文需要學生將自己的研究建立在大量閱讀前人理論、研究和著作之上。英語畢業論文除中文文獻之外，還需要學生閱覽大量的外文文獻。這一過程是集翻譯、理解、分析、歸納、總結的一個綜合過程。所以在制定英語專業的畢業論文的進度安排時如能把整個論文進度提前，將有益于學生的研究。同樣，選題作為論文的重頭戲，一旦選定研究方向，切入點找得好，學生論文自然寫得也順暢，不會出現寫不下去、需要重新選題的情況。所以在制定進度安排時也可以適當延長選題的時間，讓學生能找準切入點，有時間將論文寫作的準備工作做充分，從而從源頭上提高論文質量。
二 制定符合本校實際情況的畢業論文審核及責任預警機制，實時調控畢業論文質量
《浙江省教育廳關于加強普通高等學校畢業設計（論文）工作的通知》（浙教高教〔2004〕137號）中指出：“畢業設計（論文）的質量也是衡量各校教學水平、進行學生畢業與學位資格認證的重要依據。各高等學校要充分認識這項工作的必要性和重要性，建立嚴格的管理制度。”畢業論文的質量一方面體現在學生研究問題和解決問題的能力及專業知識的聯系和運用上，同時也體現在導師的指導和學校的監管上。只有三方共同努力，才能分別從不同的角度協作，從整體上提高畢業論文的質量。因此，制定符合本校實際情況的畢業論文審核及責任預警機制就成為了提高論文質量最好的助推劑。
在選題和結構方面，可以建立從論文指導老師到論文小組再到專業的三層審核工作，層層匯報、層層負責的預警機制，充分運用專業老師的學術嚴謹性和權威性，而學校作為管理單位可以起到總體監督、避免重復選題的作用。而在語言嚴謹性和格式規范性方面則可以充分調動學生的自審能力，在專業和學校給出一定要求和參考模板的前提下，激發學生自查和互查的能力，互相取長補短有所學習和借鑒，從源頭上做好質量的保證，同時也可以大大提高專業導師在語言和格式方面的后續審查效率。學校管理層面以表格工具的形式走程序化管理線路，做到所有重要質量監控環節執行情況都有據可查。
三 充分調動、利用校內外資源，為學生進行畢業論文寫作提供更好的環境
2. British English and American English 2
2.1The history of British English 3
2.2 The history of American English 4
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6
3.1 Lexical differences 6
3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7
3.1.2 Differences in verb 7
3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7
3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8
3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9
3.1.3 Different use of function words 9
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11
3.2 Syntactical differences 12
3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13
4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17
6. Conclusion 17
Acknowledgements 19
References 19
1．Introduction
There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:
Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.
Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?
Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.
Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm，might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?
Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.
Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?
Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.
Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.
Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]
We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.
2. British English and American English
Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”
2.1 The History of British English
English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.
Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.
（1）Proto-English （the 5th century AD）[2]
The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.
（2）Old English（AD 450—1100）[2]
The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. （form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic）The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings （is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.）who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.
（3）Middle English（AD 1066-1470）[2]
For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.
（4）Modern English（1500 up to the present）[2]
Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.
English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.
In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.
2.2 The history of American English
During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.
The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]
Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English
English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.
3.1 Lexical Differences
Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.
3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms
Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6
Some examples:
Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)
Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)
3.1.2 Differences in Verb
In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).
3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs
The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.
The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).
Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).
In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.
For example,
A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)
B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)
According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:
They’ve got no pride.
I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.
3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses
Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:
British English:[5]
I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film
Have you finished your homework yet?
American English:[5]
I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.
I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.
Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?
In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.
"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."
"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]
Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".
Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs
The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]
agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).
appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).
cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).
claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.
protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).
write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).
3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.
British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any
children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.
How many brothers do you have? (AmE)
How many brothers have you? (BrE)
You don’t have much room here. (AmE)
You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)
3.1.3 Different use of function words
Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb
Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.
(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.
Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)
Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)
These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)
These dresses are on sale. (AmE)
He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)
He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)
She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4
She lives just around the corner (AmE).
Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.
At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)
Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)
On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)
(2) Omitting preposition[8]2
In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.
The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)
The new term begins September 1. (AmE)
I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)
I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)
In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.
Is he home? (AmE)
Is he at home? (BrE)
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries，have and go.
No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.
(1)shall
Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:
Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.
Am.E:1)I will tell you later.
2)Shall I drink this now?
2)Should I drink this now?
(2)would[9]2
Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.
However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.
Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.
Try to compare:
Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.
2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.
Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.
2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.
In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:
Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.
2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.
Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.
2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.
(3)used to
“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:
1)He used to go there.(notional verb)
Did he use to go there.(notional verb)
2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)
He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)
(4)ought to[9]6
“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:
Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?
Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?
2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that. 2)You shouldn’t have said that.
In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:
1)Did you ought to say that?
2)You didn’t ought to have said that.
(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”
In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:
One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)
One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]
(1)The omitting of articles
Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:
The swimming pools are open all summer.
I’ll be here all afternoon.
He has been gone all week.
British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,
British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.
However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.
BrE AmE
Go into hospital Go into the hospital
In hospital In the hospital
At university At the university
Sentences are as follows:
Next day, the rain began. (BrE)
The next day, the rain began. (AmE)
In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)
In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)
(2) The position of articles
British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.
3.2 Syntactical differences
Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.
3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]
The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:
1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.) (BrE)
2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)
3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)
The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]
Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).
As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.
In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.
In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.
I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)
I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)
I wish I had done it. (AmE)
I wish I would have done it. (BrE)
4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English
Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.
1)Negation
In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:
Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.
Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.
In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)
While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.
Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.
2)The omission of copula in black English
You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.
Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).
These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]
3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person
there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]
4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something
This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]
5) Altered syntax in questions
Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]
To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:
(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;
(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;
(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;
(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.
However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English
The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.
On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.
6．Conclusion
As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.
The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
[1] 周樂, 美式英語與英式英語比較與分析[J]. 湖南商學院外語系,2008.
[2] Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language
[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655
[4] 王振明和公麗艷，英式英語與美式英語的差異[J]. 山東教育學院學報,2002.
[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm
[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses
[7] 孟憲友，英語與美語的差別對比研究[J]. 廣州大學外國語學院英語系,2002.
, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.
, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001
, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007
[11]Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences
, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007
[13]張振邦,新編語法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993
, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357
[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation
[18] Green, Lisa J., African American English: A Linguistic Introduction[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002
小學生活潑好動，喜愛表演、善于模仿，要讓學生快樂學習，就必須要順應學生的天性，這樣所設計的教學活動才能贏得學生的認可，引發學生的關注，激起學生內心強烈的參與熱情，從而使學生展開快樂而主動的學習活動。運用課本劇表演，既符合小學生的天性，同時又符合語言學習規律，這正是激發學生學習興趣，引導學生主動參與的重要途徑。為此在教學中我們要為學生提供與創造更多參與課本劇表演的機會，讓學生在生動的表演中來學習新知，復習舊知，在運用中提高聽說水平。
（一）圍繞教材上的短文進行角色扮演
教材上有許多對話性強、情節性強的短文，我們可以讓學生來扮演不同的角色，分角色進行短文的朗讀與表演。這樣的活動深受學生的喜愛與歡迎，為了更好地進行表演，學生會非常認真地記臺詞，這樣的學習沒有強迫與被迫，完全是發自內心的。這樣學生更能感受到學習的樂趣，更能取得事半功倍的效果。
（二）選取學生所感興趣的話題
自主創編小學生有著豐富的想象力與表現力，為了更充分地發揮學生學習的主觀能動性，展現學生的個性，挖掘學生的潛能，引導學生進行創造性認知活動，增強學生創新意識，培養學生創造性思維，我們可以選取學生所感興趣或是熟悉的話題，來讓學生進行情景劇的自主創編與表演。這樣的活動擺脫了各種限制，給予了學生更大的展現自我的舞臺與空間，學生的思維得以激活，個性得以展現，各小組創編出了許多精彩的劇情，表演也是繪聲繪色。實踐證明，讓學生表演情景劇，更能激起學生參與的激情與動力，課堂教學氛圍更活躍，學生的思維更活躍，教學參與度更高，學生在表演中真正地掌握了語言的精髓，更加利于學生英語語言綜合運用水平的提高。
二、引入音樂元素，在唱歌中學習
音樂是一種訴諸于人類聽覺的藝術，以特殊的方式來傳遞信息，更能與聽者產生情感共鳴，更能打動人，具有強烈的感染力。將音樂引入英語教學中，更能讓這門語言學科更加富有生命的活力，從而讓學生在快樂的學唱中將知識內化為能力。
（一）播放經典英文歌曲
借助現代教學設備來為學生精心挑選通俗易懂的英文經典歌曲與影視劇插曲等，以歌曲歡快的節奏與韻律來增強動感與趣味，讓學生在愉悅的氛圍中來展開快樂學習。同時也可以讓學生從另一角度來學習英語；而且能夠幫助學生糾正不正確的發音，增強學生的語感，這樣更加利于學生英語學習活動的展開。
（二）老歌新唱
在我國，很多應用型本科院校都是由一些地方性本科院校轉型發展而來的，因此應用型本科商貿類專業的創新創業教育目前還存在很多問題，也還處在起步和探索階段。具體來說，應用型本科商貿類專業在開展創新創業教育的過程中存在的主要問題有以下幾點。
1．1創新創業教育觀念相對落后
由于在我國很多應用型本科院校都是由一些地方性本科院校轉型發展而來，所以很多應用型本科院校對創新創本科商貿類專業在創新創業教育的過程中只重視創新創業知識的普及和創新創業技能的傳授，卻忽視了對學生創新創業意識和創新創業基本能力的培養。學生在接受創新創業教育的過程中也普遍存在一些錯誤的認識，認為創新創業教育主要是針對那些想創業的學生開展的，只會對想創業的學生有幫助，在觀念上沒有把創新創業教育當成是應用型本科商貿類專業的通識教育。
1．2創新創業教育與人才培養模式沒有有機地融合
由于創新創業教育觀念相對落后，所以應用型本科商貿類專業在人才培養的過程中沒有真正將創新創業教育的理念融人到商貿類專業的人才培養的體系之中。在很多應用型本科商貿類專業，創新創業教育往往以相對孤立的形式開展，隨意性強，缺乏統一的規劃，屬于學生第二課堂的拓展，創新創業教育與人才培養模式沒有實現有機地融合。
1．3創新創業教育的課程設置與教學方法亟待改革
應用型本科商貿類專業目前尚未形成系統的創新創業教育課程體系，雖然很多專業已經開設了一些創新創業課程，但這些課程相對零散、不成體系，和專業課程體系相脫節。在具體實施的過程中，應用型本科商貿類專業已開設的創新創業教育課程往往是以課堂講授或獨立講座的形式進行教學，沒有真正將學生作為學習的主體，缺乏對學生自主性和創造性的引導與激勵。
1．4創新創業教育師資隊伍薄弱
在我國高校中，由于創新創業教育起步較晚，很多高校特別是一些地方性應用型本科院校創新創業教育師資極度缺乏。很多應用型本科商貿類專業沒有專門的創新創業師資，平時創新創業教育的授課、講座、輔導都是由一些專業老師或臨時從校外聘請的企業專家客串，雖然他們具有相對豐富的專業知識，有的也具有十分豐富的實踐經驗，但是由于他們缺乏系統的創新創業知識，也沒有實際的創業經驗，所以在指導學生創新創業時對學生的幫助十分有限。
1．5校內外創新創業基地建設嚴重滯后
由于很多應用型本科院校在轉型之前都是一些地方性的本科院校，他們在過去長期發展的過程中一般偏重于理論教學，往往忽視了學生實踐能力的培養，一般也不重視校內外實踐教學基地的建設。由于我國應用型本科和創新創業教育都還處于起步階段，所以很多應用型本科商貿類專業十分缺乏校內外創新創業基地，校內外創新創業基地活動的開展。
1．6創新創業實踐活動形式單一
由于很多應用型本科商貿類專業缺乏校內外創新創業基地，所以他們在開展創新創業教育的過程中往往以理論授課、講座為主，創新創業實踐活動相對很少，即使有大多形式也比較單一。很多學校創新創業實踐活動的主要形式就是舉辦創新創業大賽，撰寫創新創業計劃書，由于缺乏相應的資金、場地條件，學生很多很好的創新創業計劃無法落地開展，因為缺乏親身實踐的體驗學生創新創業的綜合素質很難得到很大的提高。
2應用型本科商貿類專業加強創新創業教育的
2．1樹立正確的創新創業教育觀念
應用型本科商貿類專業在加強創新創業教育的過程中，首先應該樹立正確的創新創業教育觀念。應用型本科商貿類專業旳創新創業教育應結合高素質應用型人才培養目標的定位和每個專業自身的特點來開展，在開展創新創業教育的過程中不僅要重視創新創業知識的普及和創新創業技能的傳授，同時也要重視對學生創新創業意識和創新創業基本能力的培養，要改變“創新創業教育就是為了培養成功的創業者、企業家＂這樣的片面觀念，要把創新創業教育當成是應用型本科商貿類專業的通識教育，要充分認識到創新創業教育對應用型本科商貿類專業培養高素質應用型創新創業人才的重要意義。
2．2構建融合創新創業教育的創新人才培養模式
應用型本科商貿類專業在加強創新創業教育的過程中，要將創新創業教育納人到商貿類專業的人才培養體系之中。應用型本科商貿類專業要不斷進行人才培養模式的改革，要將創新創業教育與學業教育相融合，要將創新創業的實踐活動真正融人到應用型本科商貿類專業的專業實踐活動之中，通過統一的規劃，實現創新創業教育與人才培養模式有機地融合，從而構建應用型本科商貿類專業融合創新創業教育的創新人才培養模式。
2．3不斷深化創新創業教育課程體系與教學方法的改革
關鍵詞 本科 應用型人才 人才培養 人文素質教育
中圖分類號：G642 文獻標識碼：A
Talking about the Humanistic Quality Education in
Undergraduate Application Personnel Training
GUO Xia, SONG Dali
(Department of Literature and Law, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Taian, Shandong 271021)
Abstract Applied talents should reflect the harmony unity of knowledge, ability and quality. The education of undergraduate applied talents not only include the inculcation of professional theory, vocational skills training, but also including the cultivation of humanistic qualities. To this end, the path can choose to optimize the structure of courses, the creation of a "people-oriented" teaching model to create a campus humanities and cultural environment, improve the humanistic quality of teachers.
Key words undergraduate; application personnel; personnel training; humanistic quality education
0 引言
隨著我國高等教育大眾化的實現，圍繞高等學校應用型人才培養的研究在實踐中也逐漸展開。如對國外應用型人才培養先進經驗的歸納和介紹；對應用型人才的涵義、特征、分類、能力結構的分析和闡釋；對“人才培養模式”概念的討論和厘定以及對應用型人才培養模式構建的理論性探討等；由此產生了比較豐碩的研究成果，也推動著高等學校應用型人才培養的實際工作。但我們發現，如何在本科應用型人才培養過程中強化人文素質教育，或者說如何在本科應用型人才培養模式下全面彰顯“育人為本”這一現代教育理念，在以往眾多的研究中還鮮有涉及。
《國家中長期教育改革和發展規劃綱要（2010-2020年）》明確要求“牢固確立人才培養在高校工作中的中心地位……重點擴大應用型、復合型、技能型人培養規模，”并強調提出教育以“育人為本”的工作方針。據此，以科學發展觀為指導，以高等教育大眾化為時代背景，繼續深入進行本科應用型人才培養模式的研究，圍繞本科應用型人才應具有的基本素質和能力，論證人文素質教育在本科應用型人才成長中的必要性，探索實施人文素質教育的具體路徑，以不斷創新和完善本科應用型人才的培養理念和培養模式，對于全面提高高等教育的人才培養質量具有重要且積極的意義。
1 本科應用型人才應具有的基本素質和能力
1.1 本科應用型人才的基本特征界定
一般來說，應用型人才是指能夠熟練地將專業知識和技能應用于所從事的專業社會實踐的一種專門人才類型。應用型人才一般又分為專科和本科兩個層次，兩個層次的人才特質又各有不同。應用型專科人才主要是指具有相關專業知識和操作技能的專門人才，其基本專業知識主要轉化為實際動手操作的能力；而本科應用型人才在知識層面上更加注重應用性知識的掌握，在能力層面上更加注重適應能力和實踐能力的發揮，同時又具有較強的創新和創業精神與能力。
應用型人才與其他類型人才相比也具有明顯的特點。如，應用型人才與學理（研究）型人才的區別在于，應用型人才更加突出應用性，即依托一定的學科平臺，具有較強的實踐能力；應用型人才與高職高專（實用）型人才也不相同，應用型人才更加具備以通識為基礎的深厚專業理論基礎、寬廣的專業知識面和較強的創新潛力和創造能力。所以，本科應用型人才更應該體現知識、能力、素質的和諧統一。
1.2 本科應用型人才應具有的基本能力和素質
知識、能力、素質結構，有的學者將其稱為KAQ模式。“KAQ”分別為知識(owl edge)、能力(Ability)、素質(Quality)的英文字頭的組合，三個要素形成為一個有機的統一體。
（1）知識的“廣” 與“深”。在知識方面，本科應用型人才應該具備一定的廣度和深度。所謂知識的廣度是指本科應用型人才不僅要具備職業崗位所必需的理論知識，同時還要有較強的理論技能；不僅要有扎實的專業基礎知識，還需要有過硬的應用性知識。所謂知識深度是指本科應用型人才的知識體系可以支持其實現從知識“實用”且“夠用”，逐步向“可持續發展”的提升，支持其實現從滿足職業崗位技術操作性要求的知識層面逐步向形成完整、系統的專業知識體系層面的轉變。
（2）能力的“專”與“博”。本科應用型人才的培養要求以能力為中心。這里所要求的“能力”應該既“專”且“博”。所謂“專”主要是指崗位能力，也就是指職業崗位的專門技能，進一步是指具有應用專門知識進行技術創新的能力和科學研究的能力，這是一種主動學習，不斷獲取新知識，能夠實現自我完善、勇于創新必備的能力；所謂“博”主要是指職業崗位群的能力，因為現代社會注重人與人之間、團隊與團隊之間的密切協作和緊密配合，應用型人才作為操作群體中的管理者，或者是管理群體中的運行者，應該具有廣博的全局視野和合作協調能力，如組織、安排、實施工作任務的能力以及表達、交流、合作的人際關系處理能力等。
（3）素質的“高”與“全”。本科應用型人才素質的“高”和“全”反映了該類型人才應具有的素質的整體狀況，這種狀況體現在專業素質和非專業素質兩個層面上：其專業素質主要表現為本科應用型人才的知識基礎扎實、能力結構合理，職業性技能素質比較高；非專業素質主要表現為該類型人才在運用專業知識和技能進行生產管理、技術開發、創新創業過程中，所必然表現出來的價值觀、責任心、道德感、進取精神、心理素質、意志品質和身體條件等方面的素養既好又全面。其實，非專業素質也可以說是人文素質與純粹的、專業的知識和技能并無直接的關聯，但它確是職業人運用知識、發揮能力、展現職業素質以完成崗位任務的具體保障，也是職業人在工作崗位彰顯人生意義的自我認知條件。人文素質的高低不僅直接影響本職工作完成的質量和效果，也在很大程度上關乎本科應用型人才的自我評價和自我價值的實現。
所以，無論是從社會發展對本科應用型人才期待的角度，還是從人的自我發展需要的層面，本科應用型人才的教育都應該避免“重專業技能、輕綜合素養”的傾向，避免過分重視人的技術價值、工具價值，而忽視人的本真價值，這也恰恰是培養本科應用型人才能否成功的關鍵性條件。
2 培養本科應用型人才必須重視人文素質教育
我國著名的教育學家先生曾經說過：“教育者，養成人格之事業也。使僅僅為灌注知識、練習技能之作用，而不慣之以理想，則是機械之教育，非所以施于人類也。”所以，在本科應用型人才培養模式下應該高度重視人文素質教育。
2.1 人文素質教育的內涵
所謂人文素質主要是指人們在自身基本素質的形成過程中，將人文知識經過教化等途徑內化于身心所形成的精神品質和價值觀念，是人之所以為人的核心規定；人文素質教育即是教人之所以為人之道。而高等學校的人文素質教育主要是指通過人文學科的教化和環境的熏陶，促使大學生通過自身的內化和發展，逐步形成一種穩定的內在品質和正確的價值取向的過程。由于人文素質教育的意義是運用人類特有的智慧陶冶人、啟迪人和教育人，強調人的道德價值的塑造，注重人的精神品質的養成，激發人的潛能，引導人們堅毅地求真、從善、愛美，培養感悟人生目的和意義的能力，所以人文素質教育在高等學校教育教學體系中與思想政治教育、專業知識技能教育相比較具有更為廣泛、深刻、豐富的內涵。大學生的思想品位、道德水準、心理素質、思維方式、人際交往以及人生觀、價值觀等方面的確立都離不開人文素質教育的有效進行。由此，人文素質教育作為人類社會發展進步的動力、規范和方向的根基，也必然成為現代大學教育的積極選擇，在培養本科應用型人才模式下更具有不可替代的重要意義。
2.2 對本科應用型人才實施人文素質教育的基本路徑
2.2.1 優化課程結構體系
第一，完善人文素質課程體系。開設人文課程不能搞一刀切，文科要根據文科課程內容和數量確定，以免人文課程的重復；理科的人文課程相對較少，但由于其本身專業課程任務的繁重，因此人文課程的開設必須少而精。各系部也可以根據自身的專業特色、資源優勢、學生的個性特點與興趣愛好，由系部負責，開設大量的人文選修課程。
第二，堅持人文課程設置的持續性和核心課程的精品化。所謂人文課程設置的持續性是指人文教育活動應該貫穿于大學生涯的始終。如，對于大一的學生，可以開設大學生心理、人際關系學、倫理學、演講與口才、音樂欣賞、文學鑒賞、青年學生健康指導等課程，以幫助大學新生實現從中學時代到大學時代的轉換；對于大二學生，可以開設一些如人生哲學、歷史人物評價、美學、管理學、社會學、影視鑒賞、書法攝影等課程來拓展學生的知識面，引領學生思想的深刻化；對于大三、大四的學生，可以開設一些就業指導、企業文化、廣告學、人力資源等相關的課程，幫助學生進一步了解現代社會和市場經濟的新動態，為以后的就業打下基礎。所謂核心課程精品化就是結合不同的專業，根據不同年級學生的心理特點、知識結構、能力基礎與生活閱歷將人文素質的課程3-5門，逐漸打造成核心課程。
第三，將人文素質教育融入專業教育課堂。由于高校各門課程皆具有育人功能，所有教師都負有育人職責，所以應該要求專業任課教師不僅教授專業理論技能，而且應該盡力把人文素質教育融入到大學生專業學習過程中，以本學科所發掘、展現的知識之美、事物發展的規律之美給學生以潛移默化的熏陶，使學生在學習科學文化知識過程中，自覺強化其人文素質修養。
2.2.2 創設“以人為本”的教學模式
第一，實行互動式教學。互動式教學能夠有效改善傳統的灌輸式教學的弊病，啟發引導學生的個性發展，提高創新能力。通過師與生互動，生與生互動，相互啟迪，相互交流，共同切磋，實現共同提高。同時，教師既要重視知識的傳授，更要注意對學生智力和能力的培養；既要突出對學生認知能力的發展，也強調對學生態度、情感、個性等非智力因素的激發，在日常教學過程中實現學生人文素質的升華。
第二，發掘教材中的人文內涵。教師尤其是專業課教師要善于充分利用教材，挖掘其內在的人文內涵。一是教師要以科學家的感人事跡對學生進行人文教育；二是教師要努力挖掘理科知識在形成和發展過程中的人文因素，對學生進行適時的人文教育；三是要重視培養學生樹立正確的科學態度。教師在傳授理工科知識的時候，要使學生懂得科學上的每一個進步，除了需要人的天才智慧，更需要人的頑強毅力、奮斗精神與特殊的勇敢。通過科學知識的傳授與科學方法的教育，幫助學生養成嚴肅認真、一絲不茍的良好作風，以及實事求是、客觀公正、堅持真理的優良品德。
第三，利用現代化教育手段。要充分利用網絡教育教學資源和高等教育手段拓展人文教育領域，注重利用網絡強化教與學的雙向交流，并積極完善自學的方式，通過自學文字教材和收聽、收看電視、錄音、錄像，以及運用多媒體課件學習教學內容，利用互聯網等教學媒體進行答疑和進行輔導，以不斷提高學生的學業素質。
2.2.3 營造校園人文文化環境
第一，增加圖書資料中人文經典書籍的種類和數量。書籍是人生的伴侶與導師，人文書籍更是具有積極的感召力和影響力，對于青年大學生來說，尤其是這樣。通過增加圖書資料中的人文經典書籍的數量和種類，為大學生的閱讀創造條件，使大學生在閱讀經典的過程中感悟大師的魅力，提升人文素養。
第二，組織蓬勃多元、異彩紛呈的文體活動。可按系列組織各類文體活動、知識競賽活動、讀書活動、經典詩文推薦活動等等。從而培養學生的藝術素養、語言表達和應用的能力。在多種活動的參與中，培養學生的集體主義精神，提高學生的組織能力和協作能力。
第三，規范校園建筑布局，建設校園文化景點。文化名人塑像和體現科學人文精神雕塑建筑的樹立，能夠將自然之美與人文之美統一起來，營造健康向上的人文環境，這樣既可以美化校園，也可以對學生進行審美情操的教育。
2.2.4 提高教師人文素質
教師的人文素質是實現教育目標不可或缺的重要支柱。學高為師，德高為范。學校應該大力營造終身學習的氛圍和風氣，鼓勵教師不斷“充電”，積極鉆研業務，自覺提高其人文素質，并努力把本專業的理論知識、學科技能借助于美好的教學語言、精湛的教學技巧得以展現，把人文素質教育的理念貫徹于各門課程教學中；學校應該持續的開展“師德”教育，因為師德是教師最重要的素質，通過提高教育者的素質，使教師有能力幫助和引導青年大學生不斷提高人文修養，塑造自身完美的人格，實現人生的價值追求，成為素質全面的本科應用型人才。
基金項目：本文為山東科技大學泰安校區創新工作資助基金項目“應用型人才培養模式下的教育功能研究”（編號：cxj1144）的階段性研究成果
參考文獻
[1] 張士獻,李永平.本科應用型人才培養模式改革研究綜述[J].高教論壇,2010(10).
